By: Jake Knight
K5JAK
“He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.”, Nietzsche
This book is dedicated to my supportive, loving wife and children. For, without them, I would be aimless. They are my whole entire world.
It is without doubt the strangest thing that I have arrived at writing this book; I believe helping you understand how I arrived here will be encouraging as you begin on your journey into being a prepared individual who understands radio communications. So please, allow me to explain.
You see, growing up I was never into computers or any type of technology very much. In fact, I wasn’t allowed to be on them as a kid. I grew up homeschooled and sheltered. Limited T.V. No internet. Limited gaming. You get the picture. I am now very grateful for that upbringing; it pushed me to be outside, get creative and, as the kids say, “touch grass”.
However, that upbringing created a lot of boredom which would eventually push me into trouble just for trouble’s sake. To give you a glimpse into the extent of this boredom, I nearly didn’t graduate “high school” because I was so ridiculously bored with schooling in general. To bide my time as a bored young man, I would dismember varying electronic items around my house, build skateboards out of scrap wood, tape small battery-powered FM stereos to my bike’s handlebars and ride around listening to 107.5, smooth jazz radio (mom wouldn’t approve of anything else).
I now realize that being bored as a kid is an amazing opportunity. I thank God every day for the fact that I didn’t have an iPad shoved in my face around the dinner table, and for the fact that I wasn’t constantly satiated by the utterly mundane junk food they call “entertainment”. But as a young man I did not understand this. I wanted life. I wanted what was after school & all its chaos and excitement. Really, I was just fascinated by what lay behind the curtain.
Scientists say that men’s pre-frontal cortex doesn’t begin to solidify until about 30 years old, which starts to make a lot of sense because it wouldn’t be until I was about that age that many things started to “click” for me. Namely: all that tinkering as a kid, all that boredom was actually just misplaced curiosity.
I guess what I am trying to say is that I am not some sort of cosmic genius, I am not a “techy” guy (or, at least I wasn’t for most of my life). What I am is a father, husband, thinker, business owner, gear head, chronically curious knuckle-dragging Texan. I like to be outside, and I can’t stand sitting in a dark room staring at a computer screen. I get easily frustrated and magnanimously distracted. I have never had a desk job and wouldn’t take one if it paid a million dollars.
What I am trying to impart on you is that throughout your journey as you run into walls or roadblocks, remain curious and use your “why” to press on through the misunderstood.
To start, I first think it’s important that you develop a good “why” to base your radio journey on. Of the many people I have worked and trained with across many disciplines, I have found that the ones who lacked a good “why” often experienced trouble in staying the course. This stuff is not difficult, but there are many roadblocks you might inevitably run into. That is okay... It’s new! Take it easy! You’re not going to be an expert at everything you try on the first go.
To help you develop your why I wanted to share mine, so that you might be well equipped to develop your own.
At just 7 years old my father passed away in a skydiving accident. The news came through a corded Southwestern Bell phone that was attached to our kitchen wall. My mother dropped to her knees and fell into hysterics. She and my father had divorced when I was only 2 years old, so thankfully my “step father” (never called him that, just using it as a term so you can understand the relation) stepped in at once and began triaging the situation, steadfast. This event created a wound that would be constantly on the mend.
Stepping into becoming a father myself in 2022, you can understand how seriously I took this role. As a father, it is my goal to provide my wife and son with every opportunity to succeed. Nothing, and I mean nothing will ever stand in the way of me getting the most amount of time with them as possible. I will not outsource my duties as a father. Here are a few more things I would never outsource…
The fact that I had outsourced nearly all of my communications capabilities to companies who couldn’t care less about me became a wild thought. You mean to tell me that a man with a switch at AT&T could potentially stand between me being able to call my wife? Or, a generator with 2 days’ supply of gasoline stands in the way of being able to check in on my children?
As I began to regain independence through decentralizing my dependencies, the general fragility of our infrastructure became readily clear to me. I ratcheted up my brain to start figuring out solutions that would bridge the gap. Thankfully, a longstanding solution had been there all along.
[FIGURE: “Fun Fact” sidebar/callout from the original layout, art and text did not survive the export; restore here]
So, what is your “why”? You may have different reasons and different circumstances that form your why; whatever they are you will certainly need one to go the distance.
There is power in writing things down, for that reason I have left the rest of this page blank so that you might jot down your “why” for future review…
NOTES
(Space intentionally left blank for your notes.)
In the last 20 years we have become accustomed to unlimited calling, unlimited texting and unlimited reach. At first it was unlimited nights and weekends, now it’s just all unlimited all the time. We can talk to anyone we want nearly anywhere in the world for only $59.99/mo. Radios are not so accommodating.
While radios do offer the independence we look for in grid-down comms, the tradeoff is that they do not function like the communication methods we are used to. With radios we must contend with geological and astrological factors. That is also to say that we have to deal with interference. Interference by other radio waves and interference by terrain, both man-made & natural.
The first step in figuring out which radio to buy comes in the form of a self-assigned question... Who will you be talking to? Who is in your “In Group”? This might be a good opportunity to talk about P.A.C.E., When we talk about P.A.C.E. we talk about it within the confines of range & distance.
This group refers to your innermost circle. Think household family members, neighbors, etc.
This group refers to those just outside of our innermost circle. Maybe this is mother-in-laws or co-workers.
This group is different; it is likely geographically separate from your home base. Think bug out locations, alternate areas of operation, etc.
This is perhaps the longest range of them all. This is states away, maybe even countries away.
Knowing who you want to communicate with defines the range requirements you will have with respect to the intended recipient of your radio communications. This metric, the metric of range and distance, are the first questions to begin asking yourself in the seemingly murky waters of radio selection. Of course, the discussion of range cannot be brought up without also having the discussion of terrain, but that subject will be covered in another chapter here shortly.
NOTE: Much like tool selection, you have to know what you’re doing with the tool in order to know which tool to select. We wouldn’t unscrew a fastener with a pair of pliers... I hope.
The Project Management Triangle can be loosely applied here. If you’re not familiar, The Project Management Triangle says...
“You can have it cheap and fast but not good, good and cheap but not fast, or good and fast but not cheap.”
This is to say that you cannot have it all. Of course we want one radio, one system, one thing to do it all. That is what we have become used to, so of course it is what we expect.
It’s a seemingly reasonable request. However, there is no such case with radio selection. We must be careful with our radio selection, otherwise you run the risk of grabbing the wrong tool for the job.
We will close this chapter out by talking about radio integration. What I mean when I say radio integration is how it is deployed or employed by the end user. You might be thinking to yourself, “I am never going to get (insert person here) to learn this crap” and to that I would say, they don’t have to if you do your job right! It is your job as the radio operator to build systems that can be easily integrated into your group of people. You can be the nerd and set these systems up for them so that they can be easily employed. You can develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and protocols that make it easy for person “x” to use and effectively deploy at a moment’s notice.
You are more than just some person interested in radio, you are a leader. You have taken up this mantle, if even begrudgingly, so do it with excellence and let other people’s strengths shine through! Not everyone is going to be a nerd like you. And that’s a good thing! We want to augment other people’s strengths while working within our own.
If you are having trouble finding the words to get your spouse to pick up a radio, I might offer this bit of advice; You see, it’s all about the pitch. Allow me...
“Honey, I love you so much and I can’t think of anything worse than losing you. If I couldn’t talk to you anymore it would absolutely break my heart. So, I have come up with a plan to make sure that never happens.” Pulls out two radios from behind back.
If that doesn’t work, I don’t know what to tell you. You might need a different book...
Let’s get into the meat of this thing, shall we? Chapter 3 is meant to be a general overview of the systems that I would generally recommend to the thousands of folks that ask. This is not a thorough look at each system. Rather a technical overview to aid you in properly selecting a radio for your needs, without being blind as to why. We will start with some basic vocabulary overview. Let’s begin…
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| HF (High Frequency): 3 MHz to 30 MHz | These frequencies are characterized by their ability to bounce off the atmosphere. As such, these frequencies are almost exclusively used for transmissions hundreds and thousands of miles apart. |
| VHF (Very High Frequency): 30 MHz to 300 MHz | These frequencies are most commonly used for local communications. Their range can vary with modulation (more later) but are capable of reaching up to around 300 miles before becoming unusable. They are also preferred in dense vegetation for their propagation characteristics. |
| UHF (Ultra High Frequency): 300 MHz to 3 GHz | These frequencies are commonly used in more urban environments. Their propagation characteristics make them ideal for areas with dense buildings. They are also most commonly used by radios that employ digital modulation types. More later. |
| DMR (Digital Mobile Radio): 30 MHz to 1 GHz | DMR is a digital radio communication standard used for voice and data transmission, primarily in two-way radio systems. It offers clearer audio, better spectrum efficiency, and more features compared to analog systems. |
| GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service): 462 MHz to 467 MHz | A land-mobile radio service that provides short-range communication, typically for personal or family use. All but replaced CB radio. |
| RoIP (Radio over IP): Typically, 30 MHz to 1 GHz | A type of communication that involves sending radio waves into the internet to be delivered to their intended recipient. |
| HT (Handheld Transceiver): Typically, 144 MHz to 148 MHz (VHF) and 440 MHz to 450 MHz (UHF) | A common term used to identify handheld radios. |
Science is essentially humanity’s way of assigning understandable terms to otherwise mysterious phenomena. With that in mind, let’s explore why the radio community has divided radio frequencies into spectrums like HF, VHF, and UHF.
For many years, these distinctions have helped organize radio waves, primarily to designate specific frequencies and, more importantly, to prevent interference. By assigning different names to the spectrums used, we ensure that one device doesn’t unintentionally affect another, imagine your garage door opener unlocking your neighbor’s car, or your TV remote controlling traffic lights (such as those used by Opticom™). These separations help keep order and allow us to protect the frequencies and their intended use. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is the regulatory body that oversees all of this in the U.S. This is why you’ll find an FCC ID on any device that emits radio waves for signal transmission. Now, let’s take a closer look at those spectrums and their designations.
Below, we can see the ranges of each given band and how they are classified and segmented. Similar to 100 dollar bills, 10 dollar bills, 10 cents, and fractional cents, we can divide radio frequencies up in a much similar way.
[FIGURE: Chart of the radio frequency bands (HF, VHF, UHF, etc.) showing the range of each band and how they are classified and segmented]
As you can see on this radio below, the top frequency, 146.520 (2m calling freq), is tuned into the VHF spectrum and is reading 146.520 MHz.
[FIGURE: Handheld radio display tuned to 146.520 MHz, the 2m calling frequency, in the VHF spectrum]
Below, we can see a radio tuned into the HF spectrum on 7.070.50 MHz.
[FIGURE: Radio display tuned into the HF spectrum on 7.070.50 MHz]
Now that we have covered the who, what, when, where, & why of spectrums, it’s time we talk about the how.
This section will be concise and direct. However, before we continue, it’s important to acknowledge that despite our current knowledge, the study of radio waves is still an evolving science. While a lot has been researched, there is still much to learn about the true behavior of radio waves. Much of what follows is theoretical. Although science offers valuable insights, radio waves are still inherently complex and challenging to fully understand. Let’s begin.
For the purposes of this section, let’s assume the Earth is round. I’m not asserting that it is or isn’t; I’m simply setting up a foundation for our discussion going forward.
The Earth resonates at approximately 8 Hz. In fact, everything on Earth has a natural resonance. This is because our planet is surrounded by a magnetic field, a result of the Earth’s core being composed of iron (26Fe). The Earth’s magnetic field is primarily generated by the geodynamo process, which takes place in the outer core, where the iron-rich molten core is in motion. As the Earth rotates, the center molten iron puts off a magnetic field that we all live in.
It is the Earth’s magnetic field that we interact with when using devices like radios, car key remotes, TV remotes, RC cars, and more. Specifically, when it comes to radios, understanding frequencies, modulations, spectrums, MHz, and everything we’ve discussed so far is crucial. Without this knowledge, you are at a disadvantage in becoming an effective radio operator. This understanding gives you a clear perspective on what is being achieved. Understanding how it works will pave the way for you to make an educated decision about what radios you ultimately select.
Antenna selection is almost more important than the radio selection itself. Whether you’re using inexpensive bubble-pack radios from Walmart or advanced Silvus MiMo (Multi-in Multi-Out) radios, they all rely on the antenna attached to the radio to make communication happen. With budget walkie-talkie radios like Cobra or Midland, the antenna is fixed and non-removable, as regulated by the FCC. However, with more advanced radios such as GMRS or HAM radios, you have the flexibility to choose and change antennas to suit your needs. For this reason, we must discuss a small bit about antenna theory and antenna selection as it is perhaps more important than the radio selection itself.
If frequencies are like vibrations, then a poor antenna is similar to an out-of-tune guitar string. Just as a guitar or piano string must be tuned to produce the correct note, the antenna must be resonant for the frequency you want to transmit on.
When a radio emits RF (Radio Frequency) power, that power is directed into the antenna, so the antenna must be the right length to match the selected frequency. If it’s not properly tuned, your transmission will be ineffective.
This happens because the radio detects that the antenna is not tuned correctly and, to protect itself, limits the power it sends to the antenna. Without this protection, the power would have nowhere to go but back into the radio, potentially shorting circuits and damaging internal components. When a radio limits its power, you suffer reduced range and potential damage to your radio.
The resonance of an antenna is measured in many ways but perhaps the most definitive measurement is Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). A good SWR reading is between 1 & 3. You can use test equipment such as a Nano VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) to test this on your own, however most reputable antenna manufacturers have this information listed within the description of their antennas.
Fortunately, there are excellent antenna manufacturers out there, from big box names like Signalstik and Comet, to more boutique options like ZBM2 Industries. The difference between the 2 is, as always, attention to detail. While big box manufacturers prioritize quantity, a more boutique supplier prioritizes quality. And, while you may not notice the difference at first, the people on the receiving side of your transmission certainly will.
So, as we move forward in discussing radio selection, keep in mind that no matter which radio you get, it will perform poorly without a good, resonant antenna. The limited exception to this rule is with HF radios. Not because it isn’t equally important, but because when you are using HF equipment you will have the ability to use an additional or integrated piece of equipment known as an “Antenna Tuner” to trick your radio into thinking it is attached to a resonant antenna, thereby enabling the radio’s full power to be transmitted.
To my knowledge, antenna tuners do not exist for VHF and UHF radios. This is likely because it is much easier to tune VHF & UHF antennas while HF antennas are more affected by external factors that influence their resonance. Due to the larger size of HF antennas, they encounter more varied interferences that need to be addressed. We will not deep dive HF antennas in this book as it could be a whole book on its own. But I’d be remiss to not inform you about the differences while we were on the subject.
One final point about antennas is that they are not static; they are significantly influenced by many factors, perhaps most influenced by what is known as a “ground plane.” When using a handheld radio, your body acts as the ground plane. In contrast, when you mount an antenna on your car, the car itself serves as the ground plane. If your antenna is mounted to a vehicle with an aluminum body, like an F-150, or the carbon fiber trunk of a La Ferrari, you won’t have a good ground plane. In such cases, people often add a “ground radial” to the base of the antenna to improve the ground plane. This is a nuance that can be overlooked and create an issue, especially if you mount a vehicle radio/antenna and are struggling with making good contacts.
Before we continue, I’d like to offer a brief word of encouragement, wrapped in a concept I call “scalability.”
As we move into the next sections on choosing the right radio, it’s important to understand that, unlike many other hobbies or disciplines, radio is more forgiving in one key way. In other fields, there’s a common principle known as “Buy once, cry once,” meaning you typically invest in quality gear upfront to avoid regrets later.
While some aspects of this saying apply to radio, it’s less likely that you’ll outgrow your equipment to the point where it becomes useless. In my experience, radios and other gear usually don’t become obsolete; they simply find new roles as your needs evolve. For example, I no longer rely heavily on the Baofeng UV-5R, but I always keep it in my truck or range bag. It’s a reliable backup that I can hand off to a friend if necessary. But, for many years it was my one and only radio that I did everything with.
Keep this in mind as we move forward.
The last thing I would like to address before actually getting to what the title of this book is about is the snake oil salesmen. I realize this might be a Texan term, so I will provide the definition for those who may be unaware. In this day and age especially, it is not uncommon to find your favorite social media influencer peddling that radio snake oil. You’ve probably seen it before, people promising the world: “coast to coast,” “no subscription,” etc...
I encourage you to be leery of such claims. There are very good marketing firms that know how to prey on your insecurities, they can be very clever. However, physics is physics and if you hear someone say otherwise just know that there is almost always a catch. Which is fine! Just be sure that you’re aware of what the catch is. Know the limitations of your equipment. Know what it can and cannot do. Vet all information. Including this book! I am not infallible, and I certainly am not the end-all be-all source for radio information.
Seek. Find. Test. Evaluate. Implement. Repeat.
I would argue that most people begin with a budget HT, primarily because they can be one of the most affordable options for someone just dipping their toes in. They also offer undeniable convenience, easy to pass around to friends, family, and teammates, not afraid to knock it around or store in your go-bag. Perhaps even to use in your car with mobile vehicle antennas.
While budget HTs certainly serve a purpose, they do have one significant limitation, a limitation found across all HTs: power, or wattage, as it’s referred to in radio specifications. The wattage of a radio is directly related to its effective range, and most HTs operate between 5 and 8 watts, which is considered limited, especially when some radios can reach up to 100 watts or more.
The power limitation of HTs is primarily due to battery constraints. More wattage requires more power, which in turn requires larger batteries and power supplies. At a certain point, this makes the radio too large to be considered a handheld device, prompting a shift to larger radios.
This isn’t meant to discourage you from getting a good HT, but rather to help you understand the available options, their limitations, and the factors to consider when choosing your radio.
While there are some excellent budget-conscious HTs available, not all are created equal. Some are water-resistant with an IP67 rating, while others are essentially just a circuit board encased in molded plastic. A quality handheld radio typically comes from a reputable manufacturer. Baofeng, for example, is one of the most well-known brands, with their UV-5R model priced around $30 USD per radio, which explains their widespread popularity. However, their major drawback is their poor quality. Baofeng radios tend to have scratchy audio, are prone to water damage, and feature clunky, difficult-to-use interfaces. The upside is that they are CHIRP programmable. CHIRP is a software that allows you (with the use of a proper cable) to program your radio from your computer. This is easier and quicker than manually inputting the radio channels by hand.
For roughly the same price as the UV-5R, there’s a radio called the Quansheng UV-K5, which offers much better quality chipsets and construction than the UV-5R. It includes the same CHIRP programmability, along with some interesting extra features, such as a voice “scrambler”, a feature that’s technically illegal to use but adds a fun level of obscurity. One of the most intriguing aspects of this radio is not something the manufacturer offered, but rather what some tech-savvy radio nerds discovered: they found a way to rewrite the radio’s firmware. This “hacked” firmware unlocked new features like radio-to-radio text messaging, low-power HF receive and transmit, and several other functionalities, making it a fun and versatile option, all for the same price as the Baofeng UV-5R.
At the higher end of budget HTs, you’ll find the BTECH UV-PRO, which is a relatively new entrant in the market (as of the time of writing this book). Priced around $150 and available on Amazon, the UV-PRO offers features that were previously only found in $500 radios, along with new capabilities that even the most expensive HTs have never had. Some of these features include radio-to-radio (proprietary) team tracking, USB-C rechargeability, GPS, integrated APRS, an IP67 rating, and an exceptionally well-designed companion app that allows you to program and control the radio directly from your smartphone or tablet. The app also lets you track teammates on a map and send messages over APRS. While APRS is only available to licensed radio operators, the UV-PRO remains an impressive radio overall.
The build quality is outstanding, and despite its affordable price, I’ve found no significant flaws. As of now, I would consider the UV-PRO the undisputed champion of HTs, except for one thing: it does not transmit on GMRS frequencies. GMRS and HAM radios are designated separately by the FCC, and you’re not technically allowed to use one for the other. However, in the past, some manufacturers have included a workaround that lets HAM radios operate on GMRS frequencies. So far, no such bypass has been discovered for the UV-PRO. Still, it remains an excellent radio for all other purposes.
When researching radios to purchase, you’ll inevitably face the decision: GMRS or HAM. Let’s take a moment to explore both options, highlighting their differences, strengths, and weaknesses.
While we’ll cover licensing requirements in more detail later, it’s important to briefly address them here. First, you do not need a license to purchase a radio. Some stores, like Ham Radio Outlet, may require a license for entry, but this is, in my opinion, a misguided policy without any legal foundation. You can buy any ham radio you wish and listen to any signals you can pick up without needing a license. The license is only legally required for transmitting. The only exception to that is if transmitting is used in case of an emergency.
There are various license classes, each granting access to different portions of the radio spectrum we discussed earlier. Without going into too much detail at this point, I’ll provide a basic understanding of the key differences between GMRS and HAM licenses.
There are multiple tiers for HAM licenses, but for the sake of brevity in this chapter, I’ll focus on the entry-level exam, known as the “Technician” class license. To obtain this license, you must first register with the FCC for an FRN (Federal Registration Number), pay a fee, and score 80% or higher on a 35-question test administered by a licensed examiner. The license is good for 10 years and gives you access to all the Technician-level frequencies (see the chart below) as well as qualifies you to begin submitting access requests to take part in systems such as APRS and DMR.
[FIGURE: Chart of HAM Technician-class frequency privileges]
GMRS has no test element, only that you register for an FRN and pay a fee. The nice thing about the GMRS license is that it not only qualifies you to transmit, but members of your family as well fall under your licensure. The tradeoff is that you are limited on which frequencies you may transmit on (see the chart below).
[FIGURE: Chart of GMRS channels and frequencies, including the shared FRS channels]
You may have noticed in the chart above a reference to “FRS” (Family Radio Service), which is a license-free segment of the UHF band that allows people without a license to use the airwaves. Most bubble-pack walkie-talkies operate on these frequencies.
In addition to FRS, there are other license-free bands, such as MURS (Multi-Use Radio Service), CB (Citizens Band), and even the Wi-Fi bands you likely use every day (2.4 GHz: 2400-2483.5 MHz and 5 GHz: 5150-5850 MHz). Another important license-free band is the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band, which is typically used by devices like Meshtastic™. More on Meshtastic later...
The key advantage that GMRS has over these other license-free bands is its ability to transmit at much higher power levels, with a maximum of 50 watts. While it’s theoretically possible to transmit at higher power on some of these license-free bands, manufacturers typically don’t offer radios capable of such power. This is because they must follow FCC regulations to obtain an FCC ID and legally sell their products within the United States.
Despite the FCC’s regulations, some radios can be “MARS (Military Auxiliary Radio System) modded.” This modification allows radios licensed by the FCC for HAM bands to be altered, enabling them to operate on GMRS channels and other frequencies not originally intended for that radio. Many radio operators perform MARS mods to ensure that, in case of an emergency, they can maximize the functionality of their radios.
When you reach the crossroads of choosing between GMRS or HAM, select the option that is most accessible and beneficial for you and your team. There are several great GMRS radios available, such as the BTECH GMRS-PRO, which supports radio-to-radio text messaging, or the Baofeng UV-5G. Additionally, GMRS repeaters can significantly extend your range. To see what repeaters are available in your area, visit websites like Repeaterbook.com. If there’s a gap in coverage, consider filling it.
Whatever you do, don’t let the momentum die out just because a license may stand in your way. Start out somewhere and see where you end up! Most HAMs I know these days started out with GMRS and upgraded to Technician class because they wanted more. Others stopped at GMRS because it was all they needed. This journey of becoming a radio operator is rife with choices and crossroads, tackle them one bite at a time and make steady progress as needed.
We’ve reached one of my favorite topics: mobile, field, and man-pack radios. Though they have different names, they’re essentially the same from a radio perspective, differing mainly in their configurations.
Mobile radios typically offer many features found in desk radios, but in a smaller, more portable form. Desk radios are often high-powered (100 Watts) and feature a variety of modulation types (AM, FM, SSB, CW), along with tools like integrated antenna tuners and band scopes.
A band scope is a visualizer for the radio wave spectrum, helping users physically see activity across a wide frequency range. It’s especially useful for finding signals in unfamiliar territory or for when using keyboard-to-keyboard messaging software like VARA-HF, JS8CALL, or WSJT-X, which are similar to modern Morse code for long-distance communication.
Earlier, I mentioned modulation, but I realize we haven’t quite covered it yet. There’s a reason for that – modulation is one of those tricky topics that can feel a bit dense, and diving into it too soon might leave you with more questions than answers. So, I decided to hold off until now to give it the attention it deserves. Don’t worry, I’m not going to get overly technical, but it’s important to understand the basics of modulation so that you can make a well-informed choice when selecting a radio. We’ve already built a solid foundation, but before we dive in, allow me to give you a reference point for why this matters at all.
Your Baofeng UV-5R that exclusively uses FM modulation on VHF and UHF frequencies is not ever going to be capable of listening to aircraft or CB radio transmissions. This is because aircraft and CB radios use AM modulation. CB also uses SSB (Single Side Band) modulation. For you to be able to communicate with those types of radios you would need a radio with SSB or AM capabilities. Let’s move on and try and get this to make better sense.
By now, you’re familiar with how radios use different frequencies. The term “frequency” comes from the way we measure how many times a wave oscillates in a given time frame. It’s all about counting how many times the wave forms, created by your radio, go up and down in the air. These waves travel through the atmosphere, carrying information to wherever they’re supposed to go (pretty wild, right?). Modulation refers to how those waves are manipulated. You see, just sending a simple wave out into the air wouldn’t really do much on its own. To actually transmit useful information, we need to shape those waves in a specific way. Modulation is the process that allows us to encode information, like voice or data, into those waves so they can travel across the airwaves and be understood by the receiver on the other end.
There are different ways to modulate a signal, and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. When it comes to radios, the most common types of modulation you’ll encounter are AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency Modulation), SSB (Single Sideband), CW (Continuous Wave), and digital modes like C4FM.
Each of these modulations works a bit differently, but they all essentially alter the radio wave in a way that makes it possible to send sound, data, or other information. For example, with AM, the strength (or amplitude) of the wave changes to encode the signal, while with FM, it’s the frequency (how often the wave oscillates) that’s altered. SSB is a bit more advanced, it uses only one side of the frequency spectrum to send the signal, which makes it more efficient and allows for clearer communication over long distances. CW, or Morse code, uses the presence or absence of a signal to send messages in short bursts.
Digital modulations, like C4FM, take things a step further. Instead of just changing the wave’s frequency or amplitude, they use sophisticated encoding to convert voice or data into a digital signal. This allows for clearer and more reliable communication, especially in noisy environments or when conditions aren’t ideal. It also allows for that data to be carried through the internet, allowing you to leverage RoIP (Radio Over Internet Protocol) to send your transmissions into the internet using specialized hardware, and delivering it to the intended recipient wherever they are in the world, so long as they have internet access and the same specialized hardware.
DMR radios such as the BTECH 6X2 PRO can perform similar RoIP functions to that of the Yaesu FT5DR. Only DMR radios use a type of modulation known as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) modulation, where Yaesu uses C4FM.
I think that’s enough of that. Let’s get back to finishing Chapter 9.
While handheld transceivers (HTs) are typically limited to VHF and UHF FM, mobile radios offer a broader range of capabilities and options. These include, in some cases, HF, VHF, and UHF frequency support, along with various modulation modes such as FM, AM, SSB, and CW. This makes mobile radios a more versatile choice for both everyday and emergency communication needs.
Though mobile radios almost always require external power sources, typically 12V DC from a vehicle or 120V AC through an adapter, they compensate for this limitation with greater power output. This increased power translates to better transmit capabilities/range, although factors like terrain, buildings, and atmospheric conditions can still affect signal propagation.
Mobile radios are primarily designed for vehicle installation, where they can draw power directly from the battery and use a robust external antenna mounted on the vehicle. However, their versatility extends well beyond this use case. Many operators repurpose mobile radios for field deployment by installing them in ruggedized cases like Pelican™ cases, or getting creative with small bags, often paired with rechargeable lithium batteries or compact power supplies. This configuration makes them ideal for emergency communications, search and rescue operations, and outdoor expeditions where reliable communication is critical.
For those seeking a balance between mobility and capability, mobile radios are also popular for temporary or semi-permanent setups. Some operators secure them in the passenger seat or a similar easily accessible location in a vehicle, making them quickly deployable for on-the-go operations. Others integrate them into portable “go-kits” complete with batteries, cables, and antenna setups, ensuring that the radio is ready to use anywhere, anytime.
Field radios, often made using mobile radios (like the TYT TH-9800 or Yaesu FT-897 US version), are designed with ruggedness and portability in mind, and bridge the gap between handheld and traditional mobile radios. Unlike vehicle mounted mobile radios, which may require more modifications for field use, field radios are typically designed with lightweight, self-contained units that can include built-in battery packs and integrated antenna systems, and usually they feature cages that protect them such as the cases offered by companies such as Armoloq. There are also models that have included battery packs such as the Xiegu 6100 and the Icom IC-705.
Manpack radios take this concept a step further, catering to military, emergency, and expeditionary use. These radios are designed to be carried comfortably on the operator’s back using a harness or pack frame. Manpack systems often feature high-frequency (HF) capabilities for long-distance communication, sometimes combined with VHF and UHF support for local and regional communication.
Most manpack radios are equipped with long-life battery systems or the ability to be powered by solar panels or external generators, making them highly reliable in remote or disaster-stricken areas. Additionally, their antennas and the other equipment carried with them are typically optimized for versatility, with configurations allowing for whip, wire, or even directional antennas to suit varying communication requirements. Including digital mode operation with computers & other hardware. (See @techprepper)
To wrap this up, mobile, field, and manpack radios each offer unique strengths tailored to different needs. Mobile radios excel in power and versatility when a reliable power source is available, while field radios shine in ruggedness and portability. Manpack radios represent the ultimate solution for long-range and secure communication in the most demanding environments. The choice of radio ultimately depends on the user’s specific operational requirements, whether for everyday communication, emergency preparedness, professional field operations or in some cases, all 3.
Software Defined Radios (SDRs) are a newer type of radio that are adding new capabilities for those interested in radio. Before we dive into all the things you can do with an SDR, let’s talk about how they’re different from shortwave radios.
SDRs are pretty basic when you look at the hardware. They’re tiny devices with an antenna hookup on one end and a USB plug on the other. The real magic happens when you connect them to a computer or smartphone. Instead of the radio doing all the work, the SDR sends raw radio signals to your device, and the software processes everything. This setup is different from a traditional shortwave radio, where all the signal processing and tuning happens inside the radio itself.
Here’s a quick breakdown of the differences:
SDRs and shortwave radios each have their strengths when it comes to receiving signals, and the “better” choice really depends on what you’re looking for.
Now, let’s talk about something a bit more advanced, decoding WEFAX and SSTV images.
Here’s the thing about SDRs, they’re ridiculously good at helping you see what’s happening. For me, being able to visualize the radio spectrum was a game-changer. It’s like turning invisible radio waves into something you can actually interact with. If you’re new to radios or just curious, there’s no better way to learn than playing around with an SDR.
At the price of a cheap dinner out, you can grab an SDR dongle and open up a whole new world. Whether you’re scanning local frequencies, decoding digital signals, or picking up weather maps from halfway around the world, an SDR is a fun, low-cost way to dive in and learn.
SDRs and shortwave radios aren’t really competitors, they’re more like different tools for different jobs. If you like to tinker, learn, and explore, go for an SDR. If you want something simple and reliable that works right out of the box, stick with a shortwave radio. Honestly, both are great, and if you can swing it, having both in your toolkit gives you the best of both worlds.
Modern mesh networking devices are a relatively new way to communicate data and, in some cases, (see Beartooth) voice. When I say data, what I mean is location, messages, object reports & more. They are rarely used to transmit voice and are usually connected over Bluetooth to an End User Device (EUD) such as a phone or laptop to control the radio, a common software they are used with is Android Tactical Awareness Kit, better known as ATAK.
Mesh networking hardware and software can be divided into two main categories: open source (e.g., Meshtastic) and closed source (e.g., Beartooth, GoTenna).
Open source mesh networking devices are developed by communities rather than a central design team or manufacturer. This means they don’t go through the rigorous quality control (QC) processes we typically see with commercially produced hardware and software.
The benefits of open source devices include:
However, the downsides are worth considering:
In short, open source mesh networking devices offer flexibility and affordability but may require extra effort to find reliable options.
Closed source mesh networking devices are generally higher quality and more reliable. They are typically backed by a dedicated design and development team, ensuring that both the hardware and companion software are polished and user-friendly. The software, often with a well-designed user interface (UI), makes these devices easier to use, catering to customer satisfaction.
Benefits of closed source devices include:
However, there are some downsides to keep in mind:
While these drawbacks are worth considering, they don’t negate the strengths of closed source devices. For users who value reliability and ease of use over customizability, they are still an excellent choice.
Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s dive into how mesh networking devices actually work and how to get the best performance out of them.
The performance of any mesh network heavily depends on the number of connected users. For a mesh network to function effectively, you’ll need a minimum of three devices, though more is always better and less will sometimes work. As you add devices, the network becomes stronger, more reliable, and capable of covering a larger area.
The transmit range of mesh networking devices isn’t fixed, it heavily depends on the density and placement of devices within the network as well as the power output of the mesh device and as always, terrain placement and obstacle avoidance combined with proper antennas. A well-planned mesh can provide coverage across a city or even a state, completely independent of traditional infrastructure like cell towers or Wi-Fi networks.
To maximize your range and effectiveness, you can use RF line-of-sight path study tools to find the best placement for your devices. These tools help you find ideal locations to minimize obstacles like terrain or buildings. Alternatively, deploying the devices on-body is another effective method. This is especially common for groups like SWAT teams, hunters, or outdoor enthusiasts who need to stay connected and organized in the field.
Mesh networking devices are incredibly versatile and useful for:
Most modern mesh networking devices come with advanced features to ensure your communications stay secure, even when working off-grid:
If you choose to build a mesh network it does take some effort, but it’s incredibly rewarding. With a little creativity and planning, you can create a robust, independent communication system tailored to your needs. You can also do very well just using these devices on-body. Either way, mesh networking devices offer a secure & reliable way to stay connected in even the most challenging environments whether you’re deploying a tactical team, organizing a hunting trip, or preparing for emergencies.
Ad-Hoc: refers to something created, arranged, or done for a specific purpose, often on a temporary or improvised basis. The term comes from the Latin phrase meaning “for this,” highlighting that it’s a tailored solution for a particular situation.
Ad-hoc repeaters are an excellent way to extend communication range in challenging environments where existing infrastructure is unavailable or where an alternative setup is necessary. Many handheld and mobile radios come with built-in “cross-band repeat” (XBAND) functionality, making it easy to set up a temporary repeater system.
For radios that don’t natively support this feature, tools like the ADS-SR1 from Argent Data Systems offer a cost-effective way to deploy standalone repeaters in the field. These devices can bridge communication gaps quickly and efficiently, especially in rough terrain or areas with obstructed lines of sight.
Ad-hoc solutions can be surprisingly affordable and highly effective for setting up reliable communication on the fly. When terrain creates challenges, ad-hoc repeaters can help turn that terrain into an advantage by using natural features to extend range.
If additional equipment isn’t available, you can still enhance your communication range by using creative methods:
These improvisational techniques, combined with ad-hoc repeaters, can make a significant difference in supporting effective communication, even in the toughest environments.
This topic tends to ruffle feathers, I’m not entirely sure why, but I think it might have something to do with the fact that the “gun community” got ahold of the term. Everything they touch seems to get contentious. Nevertheless, encryption, like everything else we’ve discussed, is just a tool, a tool to prevent unauthorized listening and ensure operational security (OPSEC) when it’s most critical. Before diving into the specifics of encryption, I’d like to share a bit about the Navajo Code Talkers.
The Navajo Code Talkers (NCT) were a group of Native Americans who, during World War II, proved their value to the war effort by using their native language as a code. They used this method to communicate sensitive information securely with our troops and allies. I bring them up to illustrate an important point: encryption is not the same as obfuscation, but obfuscation can be useful. However, proper encryption implies a level of technological encoding, such as ADP/RC4, a 40-bit digital encryption that can be easily brute-forced using traditional computers, or the more robust AES-256, which cannot currently be brute-forced with today’s technology and is approved by the NSA for handling top-secret information.
That said, using advanced encryption isn’t the only way to achieve secure communications. In fact, cartels along the border have been known to evade Border Patrol agents by manually changing frequencies on simple Baofeng radios and using coded language, a rudimentary form of “frequency hopping” that has been effective in certain cases. However, this is no substitute for true, hardcore NSA-approved encrypted radios.
What encryption doesn’t do is prevent your location from being found via direction finders or stop adversaries from monitoring you for pattern analysis. For that, you’d need a radio with a verifiably low electronic warfare (EW) signature, as we touched on during our discussion about mesh networks.
There is a category of radios that can do both encryption and manage a low EW signature, but as the Project Management Triangle reminds us, it’s not cheap. These radios, known as Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) radios, are used by Tier 1 operators today and can cost upwards of $30,000 or more. Silvus is the premier provider of these types of radios.
Fortunately, Silvus isn’t the only option for encrypted radios. There are more accessible options, such as the BTECH 6X2 PRO or Hytera PD782/982, which are DMR radios that support end-to-end encryption. Another example is the EF Johnson 51SL ES, a P25, frequency hopping, AES-256 encrypted radio which is often available on the second-hand market when fire departments or businesses upgrade their inventory. However, keep in mind that radios like the Motorola XTS 5000 or the EF Johnson typically require specific cables and proprietary software for programming. If you’re buying one second-hand, ensure it includes everything you need to avoid ending up with an expensive paperweight, otherwise you’ll end up scouring the internet for additional hardware and the Customer Programming Software (CPS).
For simpler, more budget-friendly options, you might consider radios like the Retevis RB25, which offers simple usability and easy programming straight out of the box.
While all of this is well and good, it’s important to understand a significant limitation of encrypted radios: they are not interoperable with most other radios while encryption is enabled. This is because end-to-end encryption requires both the sender and receiver to share a specific encryption key that allows the encrypted signal to be decrypted. If you join another group and want to communicate with them, the chances of that happening are slim unless you’ve planned ahead and brought the necessary cables and software to share those encryption keys, and they have radios that are using the same modulation type.
Additionally, radios that use specialized modulation methods like P25 or DMR will not be interoperable with radios that use standard modulation methods such as FM. This creates another layer of complexity when trying to communicate across different radio systems.
The best way to think about encrypted radios is as a closed-loop system, where all radios in the group share the same family, code plug, encryption keys, and configuration. While some encrypted radios support analog functions as well, those analog transmissions with other analog radios will not be encrypted.
There are several methods for obfuscating transmissions when proper encryption is not available. These include techniques such as verification tables, analog voice inversion/scrambling, digital scrambling, time tables & more. All of these analog methods are designed to make your transmissions less easily understood by unintended listeners. In addition to these techniques, you and your team can create custom codes or phrases with pre-determined meanings. For example, a simple phrase or word could signify a specific action, location, or status. These creative codes can add an extra layer of security and efficiency to your communications, especially when working in environments where operational security (OPSEC) is critical. But, none of these are a replacement for proper encryption.
As always, the best way to stay undetected by an adversary is to S.T.F.U. & only communicate as necessary when necessary. Utilize hand signals, whistles, mirrors and other methods of communication when required. It takes a creative approach to stay connected when modern communication methods won’t suffice or aren’t available. This is the job of a radio operator in a team environment; developing protocols and standards to keep your team safe, informed, and effective while conducting missions. Now, the likelihood of you or me being important enough to necessitate encryption is minimal, but that doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t be prepared or know how, when, and why to implement these measures should we need to.
I’m fully aware that some aspects of this book could benefit from more detailed information. However, I’m hopeful that this won’t be the last piece of literature you read on the subject. My goal is for this book to serve as a launch pad, to spark your curiosity and set you on the right path. My hope is that this book saves you time on your journey, allowing you to focus your efforts and achieve your goals more easily than I and others did when we had to spend time wading through the murky waters of doubt and confusion. I want this guide to give you a clearer idea of what to research next, helping you build confidence and direction as you move forward.
You may find yourself revisiting this book from time to time, whether to refresh your knowledge or reference specific materials along your way. I encourage you to do so and urge you to stick with the basics as you start out. Mastering the simple things first is the best foundation for long-term success. After all: The only way out, is through., Jake
This edition was edited in 2026 as the Gridbase Training Jackets edition of The Baofeng Buyer’s Guide by Jake Knight, K5JAK. All gear models, features, and prices mentioned throughout are as of this writing and are subject to change. Bracketed [FIGURE] placeholders mark where the original charts and illustrations belong. Learn more at gridbase.net.